This article has been fact-checked by Dr Chong Kian Tai, urologist at Surgi-TEN Specialists, Farrer Park Hospital, Singapore.
About the Doctor
Urological cancers affect organs involved in the urinary system and the male reproductive tract. While some of these cancers are relatively rare, others—like prostate cancer—are among the most common cancers in men. Early detection and awareness are crucial for improving outcomes and saving lives. Here are the top five urological cancers men should be aware of, along with their signs, risk factors, and when to seek medical advice.
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1. Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common urological cancer in men and the second most commonly diagnosed cancer overall. It typically affects men over the age of 50, especially those with a family history or of African descent.
Symptoms:
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Difficulty starting or stopping urination
- Weak urine stream or pain during urination
- Blood in urine or semen
In its early stages, prostate cancer may be silent. That’s why routine PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) testing and digital rectal exams are important for men over 50 or earlier if there are risk factors.
2. Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is more common in men than women and is often linked to smoking and occupational exposure to certain chemicals, such as those used in dyes, rubber, and leather industries.
Symptoms:
- Blood in the urine (often painless)
- Frequent or painful urination
- Pelvic pain
Bladder cancer is highly treatable when caught early. Men should seek immediate evaluation if they notice any unusual urinary symptoms, especially visible blood in the urine.
3. Kidney Cancer (Renal Cell Carcinoma)
Kidney cancer—specifically renal cell carcinoma—is another important urological cancer affecting men, especially those over 60. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, and high blood pressure.
Symptoms:
- Blood in the urine
- Flank pain (on one side of the back)
- A lump or mass in the abdomen
- Fatigue and unexplained weight loss
As kidney tumors may grow silently, routine imaging or physical exams often detect them by chance. Early diagnosis increases the chances of cure.
4. Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer primarily affects younger men between the ages of 15 and 39. Fortunately, it has a high survival rate when caught early.
Symptoms:
- A painless lump or swelling in the testicle
- Heaviness in the scrotum
- Discomfort or pain in the testicle or lower abdomen
Men are encouraged to perform monthly self-examinations and report any changes promptly. Early detection often leads to excellent treatment outcomes.
5. Penile Cancer
Although rare, penile cancer can be serious. It’s more prevalent in men over 60 and is associated with poor hygiene, smoking, and HPV infection.
Symptoms:
- A growth, sore, or ulcer on the penis
- Discharge or bleeding
- Foul odor or swelling
Practicing good genital hygiene, avoiding tobacco, and getting the HPV vaccine can significantly reduce the risk. Any persistent lesions or changes should be examined by a urologist.
Conclusion
Urological cancers can range from silent threats to fast-growing conditions, but early detection is often the key to successful treatment. Men should stay informed, attend regular check-ups, and listen to their bodies. Don’t ignore unusual symptoms – getting it checked could save your life.
